- deals with mental processes like memory and problem solving. By emphasizing mental processes, it places itself in opposition to behaviorism, which largely ignores mental processes.
- Is a relatively modern approach to human behaviour that focuses on how we think, with the belief that such thought processes affect the way in which we behave.
- When we apply a cognitive approach to learning and teaching, we focus on theunderstaning of information and concepts.
PROBLEM SOLVING :
- is a mental process and is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem shaping. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills.
- Problem solving occurs when an organism or an artificial intelligence system needs to move from a given state to a desired goal state.
EXAMPLE :
- For instance if you have a bad debt, you have to identify whether the real cause is lack of income, inability to budget, excessive gambling, or frequent shopping. As you can see, the solution to any of these varies. Excessive gambling for example may need medication, counseling, and other behavioral interventions. And lack of income may require working overtime, having two jobs, reducing unnecessary expenses, and taking courses to improve skills.
- When you know the real problem, finding the right solution is within reach.
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH :
- freud's is the first person who interpret dreams .
- Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams attracted public interest in his theory, but he was certainly not the first person to suggest that dreams have a meaning.
- Freud saw dreams as having a symbolic meaning that could only be fully understood in the context of the individual's overall behavior. This view is still controversial, with some physiological researchers arguing that dreams are simply an artifact of brain activity during sleep, with no true significance.
Repression, Memory, and Abuse
- Imagine a situation: An adult seeks therapy because of distress about personal relationships. In the course of treatment, the individual comes to recall traumatic experiences from childhood--in particular, of being sexually abused by a family member. Recalling these experiences seems to produce therapeutic benefit--but also leads the individual to seek criminal prosecution of their presumed tormentor. The incidents seem to have happened more than twenty years previously, and there is no corroborating evidence. What should the individual do? What should society (in the form of the legal system) do?
From a psychoanalytic perspective, this situation would not be considered unusual: in essence, the therapy has led to remembering traumatic events which were repressed. The concept of repression is fundamental to Freud's theory, since it provides the basic explanation of how thoughts and experiences end up in the unconscious. Freud encountered such reports many times in his clinical practice--though he ultimately concluded that most such reports represented fantasies, not real experiences. As noted in the text, both his original interpretation (that many adult problems relate to childhood traumas, including abuse) and his subsequent reassessment (that most such reports are fantasies) have attracted controversy. Today, given increased awareness of sexual abuse, many mental health professionals tend to support Freud's original view, that most reports represent repressed memories.
CARL JUNG'S THOERY :
- Jung ultimately developed his own theory, which differed in important respects from Freud's. Most significant were his de-emphasis of the importance of sexuality and aggression as motives, and his division of the unconscious into the personal (much like Freud's original concept) and the collective (a universal unconscious, containing symbolic patterns called archetypes).
